Optometry
"Doctors of Optometry are independent primary health care providers who examine, diagnose, treat and manage diseases and disorders of the visual system, the eye and associated structures as well as diagnose related systemic conditions." American Optometric Association (AOA), 1997.
Optometrists are the major providers of primary vision care in the United States. Optometrists examine the eyes and prescribe glasses, contact lenses, vision therapy, aids for low vision, and in an increasing number of states, therapeutic drugs for specific diseases. As members of the eye health care team, optometrists work with ophthalmologists, who are M.D.s licensed to perform surgery, and with opticians, who fit, supply and adjust eyewear according to prescriptions written by optometrists or ophthalmologists.
Conditions typically treated by Doctors of Optometry include:
- diseases and disorders of the anterior segment of the eye such as corneal abrasions, ulcers, or infections, glaucoma and the management of other ocular diseases and conditions.
- visual skill problems such as the ability to move, align, fixate and focus the ocular mechanism as in reading, driving, computer use, and hobbies.
- The inability to properly process and interpret visual information: problems of perception, visualization and retention.
- Poor vision-body coordination, poor spatial judgment affecting sports and occupations.
- Clarity problems such as farsightedness, astigmatism, or the complications due to the aging process, disease, trauma or malfunction.
Doctors of Optometry may also
- diagnose, manage and refer patients with systemic diseases which may first be detected in the eye, such as hypertension and diabetes
- provide pre- and post- surgical care for cataracts, refractive laser treatment, retinal problems and other conditions that require surgery
- practice preventive measures as in infant and child visual development, in job, school, or hobby-related activities, and in nutritional and hygiene education
Specialties
Although Doctors of Optometry are trained in all aspects of ocular and visual conditions, and although most practice primary care optometry, some choose to specialize. One-year residencies are available, but are not required, and there is no additional certification. The following specialties are possible:
- Pediatrics
- Low vision rehabilitation
- Geriatrics
- Environmental and occupational vision
- Cornea and contact lenses
- Ocular disease and special testing
- Vision therapy
- Learning disabilities
- Sports vision
- Binocular vision
- Head trauma
- School consultant
- Teaching and vision research
Job Market and Salary
The 34,500 optometrists practicing in the United States enjoy the benefits of financial security, independence, and recognition in their communities. The 1999 edition of Jobs Rated Almanac ranked optometry 39th out of 250 of the top rated jobs in the country, based on income, stress, physical demands, potential growth, job security, and work environment.
Optometry is well positioned for the recent evolution of managed care in the U.S., and Doctors of Optometry are sought after by HMOs, group practices, hospitals, and veterans facilities. Established practices are looking for recent graduates to bring newer advances to their practice.
According to the Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry (ASCO), the total individual mean net income for optometrists in 2002 was $110,000. Income increases with the number of years in practice, but starting salaries are somewhat over $76,000.
87% are in private practice, but only 52% are in solo practice. Partnerships and group practices are growing because they reduce costs, can offer specialized services, and offer more work schedule flexibility. Approximately 3% of all optometrists work in chains and superstores.
Education and Admissions
The typical route to a Doctor of Optometry degree (O.D.) is a four year undergraduate degree followed by four years of study at one of the 17 optometry schools in the U.S.
2003 Admission Data
- 2,226 applicants applied to optometry school
- 1388 new students were admitted to optometry programs
- Average accepted GPA: 3.05- 3.66
- Average accepted OAT score: 270-360 (out of 400)
Admission Requirements
Admission requirements vary slightly from school to school, so applicants should carefully check school catalogues. In general, however, the requirements are:
- Microbiology: 1 semester
- Chemistry: 1 year
- Biology: 1 year
- Organic Chemistry: 1-2 semesters
- English: 1 year
- Statistics: 1 semester
- Physics: 1 year
- Calculus: 1 semester
- Psychology: 1-2 semesters
- Anatomy/Physiology: 1 year
- Biochemistry: 1 semester
Applicants to optometry schools must take the Optometry Admission Test, offered twice a year in February and October. The OAT consists of four sections:
- Quantitative Reasoning
- Survey of the Natural Sciences: Biology, Chemistry and Organic Chemistry
- Reading Comprehension
- Physics
Visit our OAT page.
Nearest Schools
- University of California; Berkeley, California
- Pacific University; Forest Grove, Oregon
- Southern California College of Optometry; Fullerton, California
These schools participate in the WICHE (Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education) program. This program, sponsored by the Arizona Board of Regents, allows Arizona residents preferential admission. Students pay reduced tuition, and must return to Arizona to practice for as many years as they received WICHE funding.
For Further Information Contact
- Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry
- American Academy of Optometry
- American Optometric Association
- American Academy of Ophthalmology
- American Orthoptic Journal
Or Contact
- The Association of Schools and Colleges of Optometry
- 6110 Executive Boulevard
- Suite 690
- Rockville, MD 20852
- (301) 231-5944
